Health Insurance - 1677 Words

President Obama s plan to insure healthcare for all marks a positive step for the well – being of our country s citizens. Still, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) also known as ObamaCare has been one of the most controversial topics of our time. In order to understand why this is such a controversial topic we must understand exactly what this act means to the people. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) states that with limited exceptions, every resident of the United States must have health insurance that must meets certain basic requirements. Beginning in 2014, individuals who do not acquire health insurance will be subject to a fine. This fine will rise over time, reaching $895 per person or 2.5†¦show more content†¦They all have to abide by the federal government s requirement of covering 100 percent of the cost for all medically necessary visits and procedures. Residents still pay for this indirectly through the taxes they p ay to the provincial and federal government. But unlike the United States, doctors and hospitals are required to accept the fees that are set by the government. Japan has a universal health insurance system. They require all of the residents of the country to either (a) enroll in one of the many non – profit health insurance societies that are organized by industry or profession, or (b) enroll in the health insurance program provided by the national government. The funds for the system come from the premiums paid by the employees and firms as well as a payroll tax similar to the tax that funds the Medicare program in the United States. Unlike the others system this one is highly costly for the residents; they are charged a co -payment which can be as much as 30 percent of the bill. The Japanese system does not cover preventative health care or any pregnancy related visits. Similar to the United States system doctors are not government employees and most hospitals are privatel y owned. In the United Kingdom the government, through National Health Services (NHS), owns nearly all hospitals and directly employs almost all doctors. Because thereShow MoreRelatedHealth Insurance3969 Words   |  16 PagesINSURANCE LAW PROJECT | HEALTH INSURANCE AND REGULATORY ISSUES UNDER IRDA ACT 1999 | Rudresh Pratap Singh Roll No. 49 Semester V RMLNLU | Contents INTRODUCTION 4 The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority 5 Regulatory issues in the health insurance business 5 It should be the duty of the regulator (IRDA) to ensure that the new entrant in the health insurance sector: 5 II. Regulations Pertaining To ConsumerRead MoreAn Introduction To Private Health Insurance1555 Words   |  7 PagesINTRO Private health Insurance is a $1.42 billion (before tax) industry in Australia (Seah, 2012) and has played a prominent role in the country’s health system for over 60 years. As of 2009, 51per cent of the Australian population was covered by some form of private health insurance. Private health insurance is a regulated industry; this means it is controlled by government legislation under the Private Health Insurance Act (2007). Private health insurers are required to register under this ActRead MoreHealth Insurance Exchanges ( Hix )2244 Words   |  9 Pages HEALTH INSURANCE EXCHANGES Health insurance exchanges (HIX) are the marketplaces which are established based on the Affordable Care Act provides customers at an individual level or to small businesses, health insurance which they can compare and purchase from private insurance companies. Individuals can make use of the state level exchange depending on one’s state residence or can purchase insurance from a federally facilitated exchange which is accessible at Healthcare.gov websiteRead MoreA Brief Note On Health Insurance And Insurance Essay1957 Words   |  8 Pages While on the topic of insurance, I will also need to start putting diverting some of my income to cover health insurance, possibly disability insurance and even life insurance. I currently have an HMO plan through Blue Cross Blue Shield of TX and the rates are astronomical. Health insurance is one of the key factors I am using as I am looking for long-term employment. Since I am a student, there are not many individual insurance policies a vailable so I am forced to pay extremely steep monthly ratesRead MoreHealth Insurance And Social Insurance1375 Words   |  6 Pages Health Insurance One of the important insurance that a person should do is health insurance. Medical expenses are so much higher that every person cannot afford when they were suffering from major illness or an accident. Health insurance is a method or a way to pay medical expense in exchange for premiums. Simply health insurance is a contract between the insurance company and an individual or their sponsor. These insurances can be monthly, annually, or lifelongRead MoreEssay on Health Insurance Plans707 Words   |  3 PagesHealth Insurance Plans Premium Insurance is important to everyone in the country. Health insurance covers the certain amount of money to the insured person upon a certain event such as hospitalization and surgery. Commonly health insurance premium buying choices cover a simple resolution in purchasing the private health insurance. The premium is the amount that needs to be satisfied by either the households or the authority to become underwrite. While of career the payment should be affordableRead MoreMedical Insurance And Health Insurance1345 Words   |  6 PagesMedical Insurance is a highly debated topic throughout the United States. The cost of health care in the United States is on the raise and individuals are having harder times paying for their medical insurance. Companies who provide medical or health insurance as a benefit for their employees are becoming more and more popular. Employees need to know what is the benefit of having employment based medical insurance, when and if they are eligible, and they need to understand their plans in order toRead MoreThe Legacy Of Health Insurance1146 Words   |  5 Pagessaid, the history of health insurance has flourished throughout the centuries. With health insurance being one of the most needed household items, in the 1920s, the situation was somewhat a different story. In 1919, there was a study directed in Illinois to show that the wages that were lost from the individuals being out sick were actually four times larger than the incidentals linked with curing the illness. As the world was moving forward so was the need for health insurance. In the 1929, a groupRead MoreThe Cost Of Health Insurance1522 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care expenses are a never ending headache that create numerous liabilities. Liabilities are created when goods or services are purchased on credit and obtained through short- term and long- term loans. Health care expenses create liabilities such that payments are made late or no payments are made at all. In some cases, the cost of health care expenses are unaffordable resulting in those type of payments. To prevent large health care debt, many individuals seek health insurance. Health insuranceRead MoreProblems With The Health Insurance1489 Words   |  6 Pagessocial problem is to them. Just like with time, social problems will change, some will come and some will go. So, for right now in time one of the biggest social problems I can see in America is the healthcare. There are many problems with the health insurance in America. According to our books in America some of the biggest problems are: Medicare, Medicaid, Military Healthcare, Workers’ Compensation, Complemtary, and Alternative Medicine. The book states that there are a few strategies for action

Personal Statement The Religious Experience - 986 Words

Personal Statement The religious experience is one of the most hotly debated topics in the study of religion. What entails a religious experience? For me, the most refreshing thing about religious events is that they tend to be sporadic and individually unique, stretching from the oddly mundane to the inimitable. The sensation is different. The location is different. The state of mind is different. However, this encounter with the sacred is mentally piercing in the most fascinating, diverse ways. I can be randomly walking around school campus in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and suddenly become engrossed in all the vivid colors of the plants and conscious of the intricate details of being alive. I can be sitting among a huge crowd outside the king’s palace in Fez, Morocco, and unexpectedly become aware of the individual currents of blood flowing through my veins as I become entranced by the Whirling Dervishes. I can be standing on a beach in Gulf Shores, Alabama, staring aimlessly into the oc ean, and experiencing an intense sense of longing and painful separation caused by leaving a country and people I had come to adore and love. I could be choked up in a spurt of laughter caused by a practical stranger while gazing at a 2000 year old monastery on top of a mountain in Petra, Jordan. All of these sacred experiences, fusions of good timing, emotion, and sacred space, are forever ingrained in my memory and heart. The happiness, the pain, the joy, the inability toShow MoreRelatedThe Shack By William P. Young1619 Words   |  7 Pagespositive by many personal readers but negative by conservative Christian readers. To begin with, one has to recognize these two sets of readers bring completely different backgrounds to their readings of this novel. Of course, the conservative Christian readers bring their theological education and experiences to their reading. For this reason, they might be considered to approach the reading of the novel from a distinctly biased background. Their knowledge and experience is focused on traditionalRead MoreThe Reason For God : Christian Values And Biblical Faith Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesit is easy for one religious group to stereotype and caricature other ones (Pg.4).† Keller offers several signification suggestions about how Christians can give insight about their faith and defend the reasons for their belief giving a clearer picture to nonbelievers or believers of other religions. This leads to Tim Keller’s introduction of his book a Reason For God, where he challenges the believer, â€Å"†¦to ask the hard questions about why they believe†¦ (p. Xvi).† This statement led me to investigatingRead MoreAnalysis Of William James829 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophers of his time. In one sentence, he was able to form the basis that any philosophy or belief could be true. He is able to do this while also not expressing his beliefs or downplaying others. To support his idea throughout the book, he gives more statements showing how every belief can coexist. He also states later on, â€Å"The â€Å"scientific proof† that you are right may not be clear before the day of judgement is reached.† This quote also shows how he may believe in his own philosophy, but states that youRead MoreReligious Experience Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesReligious Experience There are various interpretations of the definite meaning of a religious experience, where each are unique and different. There have been many, many stores put forward by certain individuals who have claimed to have such an experience. Various people have studied them, and have come to the conclusion that in most cases, very similar subjects are brought up in them. Some say that a religious experience involves having some sort of contactRead MorePhilippe Petit, An Egocentric Asshole881 Words   |  4 Pagesidentifies and classifies different ways of being a self; these three groups are ethical, religious, and aesthetic. My argument is that in this situation, being an aesthete negated the significance of Petit’s â€Å"achievement.† The ethical self is one that puts his or her personal value in his or her family, career. friends, and/or culture. As made clear in the documentary made about Petit’s life, The Walk, his personal value is not placed in anyone besides himself. Petit’s closest friends devoted copiousRead MoreDifference Between Personal Knowledge And Knowledge1484 Words   |  6 Pagesmust be able to distinguish the difference between personal knowledge and shared knowledge. The interaction between these invites me to reflect on the meaning of a specific shared knowledge claim in relation to the individual. In assessing how ways of knowing operate differently in shared and personal knowledge, the knowledge question arises: In considering an individual’s cultural capital, to what extent does shared knowledge affect one’s personal knowledge? Through different ways of knowing, I canRead MoreImpressions of the Meaning and Significance of African Religion745 Words   |  3 Pag esethnicity are deeply religious. African traditional religion is so much a part of the African traditional heritage that it is found in every aspect of life. Traditional religion for the Africans is the normal way of looking at the world and experiencing life itself. Therefore, as Mbiti interprets, A study of these religious systems is, therefore, ultimately a study of the peoples themselves in all the complexities of both traditional and modern life. (p.1). This statement, along with many othersRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964843 Words   |  4 Pagestalented and diverse team of individuals offering an invaluable set of experiences, perspectives and backgrounds, but to enhancing this collaborative effort by creating a culture of ease, respect and appreciation. In the spirit of Peace Mantle’s corporate commitment to best practices in the area of diversity and inclusion, and the desire of its executive officers, supervisors and managers to implement these practices in order to experience the full value of an intelligent and diverse team, this policy briefRead MoreRocks of Ages by Stephen Jay Gould1499 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Rocks of Ages† is Stephen Jay Gould’s commentary on the conflict between secular scientists and religious believers who reject scientific theory when in it is disagreement with religious teachings about nature and origin of the natural world. Certain aspects of his argument hold true, but the application is impossible and still gives one magisteria a dominance over the other. While it is an accurate account of historical disagreements and critical views of well-known people, his argument is flawedRead MoreThe Book Learner Centered 1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe book is learner centered. The authors have based their ideas on the experiences of college students right from the date of enrollment in graduation year. In other words, the authors has provided some insights in the opinion of college students on how to share an educational experience with the next generation college students (Bell, McGrane, Anderson, Gunderson, 2011). Summary The book is divided into three main parts: academics and learning, navigating the institution, and survival strategies

Climate Risk Assessment and Adaptation Planning †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Climate Risk Assessment and Adaptation Planning. Answer: Introduction: This paper entails the strategies employed to accomplish the risk adaptation and risk assessment organization for the Melbourne Town, Australia. The risk management outline is provided in accordance with the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009. Additionally, the study presents an evaluation framework for risk assessment. The evaluation framework is based on the Risk management structure of Melbourne city(Office, 2005). The town encourages a risk management methodology that is flexible. At such, it approves the framework modification to enable it fit in the context of decision-making. The project consultants in conjunction with the Climate Change Working Group and Risk Management worked to develop an evaluation framework to evaluate the risk of climate to the town. Primarily, the resultant context is based on the current risk organization of Melbourne city, whereas the modification validation, where constructed, are shown. Risk management refers to the method of analysing and defining risks to ease resultant decision to be made pertaining the necessary strategies with an aim of reducing risks(Health and Safety Executive, 2015). The framework for Risk Assessment used in this plan is the one endorsed by the Australian Regime. The Department of Climate Change of Australia, formerly referred to as The Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) s publication, provides methodology to carry out climate change risk assessment and adaptation planning based on the Paris Climate Agreement. On this framework, as shown in the table below, there are five key phases: Setting the context Risks identification Risk analysis Risk evaluation Risk treatment Phases in Assessment of Risks Based on Paris Framework Stage Details Setting the Context Describing the scope of assessment and the defining of the organization or the business to be assessed. Clarification of the business objectives. Identifying stakeholders and their concerns and objectives Establishing the criteria for success Development of the key element Establishing pertinent assessment scenarios for climate change Risks Identification Describing and highlighting how climate change affect organizational key elements. Risk Analysis Evaluation of the government controls, reactions, and management in each risk situation. Evaluation of each risk effects against the objectives and success measures of the organization. Form an informed judgement concerning the likeliness of each highlighted consequence. Determining the risk level to Determine the organizational level of risks for each scenarios of the climate change applied in the analysis. Stage (Phase) Details Risk Evaluation Reestablishment of the judgements and other estimates. Highlighting risks based on their severity level. Highlighting inconsequential risks that can be put aside and which may make the management to lose focus. Screening out risks which require a more detailed evaluation. Identification of necessary options to adapt or manage the risks and their impacts. Risk Choose an option which is best and selection of the ideal options for future plans. The predominantly duty of risk assessment framework is to facilitate a defendable and systematic approach to risk management and adaptation. These approach is centered on the treatment of organizational risk(Aalst, 2004). The link between organization risk and climate change is depicted in the following figure: The climate change effects on an organization can be noted and treated through working by the consequences chains. It is significant to understand that the outcome is a tactical assessment of risk and adaptation plan, which is undersigned to give treatment recommendations that are spatially(Aalst, 2004). The stages of the framework for risk assessment are shown below: These part of the risk management determines the scope and the boundaries of the assessment, the framework of evaluation, and identifies the engagement strategy of the shareholders. The main activities achieved within this part comprises the following: The scope of assessment The Assessment Objectives Definition of likelihood scales Identification of the main elements Selection of relevant scenarios for climate change to be assessed Comprehensive identification of stakeholders The terminologies pertaining to risk assessment have also been identified to enhance an understanding of the language applied in this plan(Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, 2017). This step output directs the other subsequent stages of this risk management plan. These guidelines are done through evaluation framework. Terminology Definitions Success Criteria The objectives and goals of a business Consequence Scales Describes the level of consequence to an organization of a climate change risk, should it occur Likelihood The chances of an event occurring Risk Priority The priority level associated with each combination of an impact And its likelihood The project focusses on topographical extent to the town of Melbourne. The project assessment assessed the dangers of climate change as a result of major climate variables change. The examination was a tactical assessment of climate risk to Melbourne city. A two-step methodology was recommended by (Office, 2005)to allow attempts to focus towards important issues. The first evaluation referred to as first pass quickly identifies and reviews risks, then plans for the treatment, then administers the treatment to the risk. The second stage, verifies if there is need for additional information to ascertain if the treatment is necessary and the type of treatment to be applied, as shown in the figure below The CCAWG took into consideration the series of climate change situations and the existing evaluation aim was to help in selecting A1FI 50th Percentile (2070) and A1B 50 th Percentile (2030). A1FI 50th Percentile (2070) Scenario was selected as the most suitable practice by local governments(Korsak, 2016). Other local governments that have applied A1FI 2070 include; EMRC, Murchison and WESROC. Establishment of evaluation framework for risk assessment application involves: Definition of the organization objectives; Establishment of measures of success against which the objectives of the organizations can be assessed. Definition of possibility measures. To achieve a transparent and consistent approach to risk evaluation, matrix evaluation is needed for every element. The elements of framework used in the present assessment adhere to the Melbourne Citys risk management structure (2011) and are illustrated in Figure above. The vision of Melbourne city is to provide responsive environmental friendly services to its people. The city, strives to improve and preserve its lifestyle and environment at the present and in the future(Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, 2017). The core values of Melbourne city are: respect, diversity, integrity, accountability and community participation. Measures of success are basically an outline of the long-term objectives of an organization (Office, 2005). Melbourne city success criteria are as follows; To attain strategic performance goals. Guarantee good public governance and administration. Sustainability and enhancement of natural environment Protection to existing community The four success standards were summarized under climate change risk evaluation into six broad success criteria; Service provision Property Financial (Costs and revenue) Environment People (Health safety) Community Lifestyle Social Value The success criteria were later modified. The changes include: Legislation was summarized under service provision of service Property damage was viewed as an important aspect of climate change and stood under the lone category. Environment and Financial continued to be consistent across all frameworks. People capture both broader community and the council staff. There was an addition of Community lifestyle and Social Value elements that had not been capture in the initial framework. Risk Management in Melbourne City follows a flexible standard, where there is modification of likelihood and consequence evaluation scales(Aalst, 2004). This is important because it ensures the changes are appropriate in relation to the assessment framework. This flexible measures makes sure that the parties involved can use suitable scales. Risk is usually demonstrated in terms of: Occurrence of an event; and Possibility of the consequence. A five-point scale in Table 3 is used to measure the likelihood consequence. Melbourne City Likelihood scale Level Description certain There is chances of happening regularly or its occurrence is certain. A clear opportunity already apparent, which can easily be achieved Likely Occurrence is noticeable or is likely to occur. An opportunity that has been explored and may be achievable Possible May occur or happens occasionally. Potential identified opportunity Unlikely Is not likely to happen or happens frequently. Opportunity that is not likely to happen. Rare Only occurs in exceptional situations. Opportunity that is very unlikely to happen. Key elements are responsible for providing a framework that helps in the identification of risk through splitting issues into various areas of emphasis and connect them to climate situations (AGO 2007). Key elements in this assessment were areas that were regarded to be risky. These include: Built environment Natural environment Emergency Management Recreation Community Business operations in the town were allocated key element actions. The process of assessing risk and adaptation plans were conducted with categorical emphasis on outcome integration with the current processes and systems in the City(Health and Safety Executive, 2015). The city comprises of 20 personal business operations all working under five Directorates as shown in the figure below: Directorates and business operations in Melbourne City LList Details 1 Chief Executve Officer Executive service b. Support from the government and support. 2. Designing and Development Regeneration of the urban and financial development. b. Planning of the city c. Approval d. Compliance and health 3. Infrastructure setting a. Engineering planning b. Engineering Processes c. and Reserves and Reserves d. Fleet and waste management e. Operations for building the city 4. Corporate a. Financial b. Corporate information and data services c. Management of Assets d. Human capital 5. Community Programs a. Library service. b. Marketing and communication services. c. Leisure and recreational Services d. Community programs e. Security of the community Furthermore, there was consideration of a spatial prioritization of risks. The city conducted a preliminary review of the spatial information that was available to update the risk assessment that was carried out during the Framework phase. The process entailed the distribution of the gathered information to all the members of CCWAG for population and deliberations with staff. With extensive deliberations with staff and Project Manager in all business operations, it was noted that there was existence of limited spatial information that was compatible to the spatial information system of the city(Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, 2017). Therefore, it was important to integrate this information with the future risk evaluation since that kind of information will be a useful resource, although this task was far beyond the existing assessment scope. A different method was used and hotspots risks were discovered during the risk evaluation attracting the participants to study th e area. The discovered hotspots will influence the adaptive measures implementation. By utilizing the spatial information system of the city, hotspots will be combined into useful spatial sections in relation to the decision framework. CCAWG was initiated to run the activities of risk assessment and adaptation planning. The CCAWG representatives are staff from Business Sections with experience or play a role in responding and managing climate risks The stakeholders objectives were to affirm the risk assessment outputs, and enhance awareness and ownership. During a full-day workshop with members of CCAWG there was implementation of stage (ii) to (iv) of the risk assessment. The members of CCAWG were split into two groups, the first group covered risks relating to the built environment and emergency management; the second group handled risks associated with natural environment, community and recreation. Both groups completed the following: Risk identification Risk analysis Risk evaluation Risk Treatment Risks Identification Risk identification entails reviewing effects of climate change and risks associated to the city. CCAWG, conducted the initial risks identification and drafted the outcomes using an Internal Discussion Paper that was prepared by Melbourne City. The gathered information was summarized into two sections, the first one was, impact and adaptation summary sheets and the second was the draft risk and adaptation register. These tools were implemented during the risk assessment practicum to establish the possible climate change risks that may accrue to the operations of local government This stage entails the establishment the repercussions of the occurrence of risk and the probability that the repercussions will occur(Young, 2016). Workshop members applied the evaluation matrixes described during the Set the Framework stage to examine the risks. Detailed discussions were conducted to allocate a consequence and possibility rating for every risk. Consequence was established through the assessment of effects of anticipated climate change on success measures or the objectives of the organization Council. The consequence scale Table 5 was used by the participants in the to allocate a range of consequence to every risk that was identified(Aalst, 2004). The consequence scales the initially established was based on was Risk Management Framework of the Citys, which was revised to summarize operational and strategic risks. The probability of the occurrence of consequence was established in relation to the understanding of the occurrence history and related effects along with the management plans put in place to control the risk (Table 7). A five-point scale that ranged from Almost Certain to Rare in Table 3 was used to ascertain likelihood(Young, 2016). In order to establish the current controls, the workshop participants examined the Summary Sheets and took into consideration a range of basic management measures such as: Management structures and systems Reporting Delegations Periodic reviews or audit plans Insurance Policies Training Procedures Contract conditions Design specifications Testing/Supervision Quality assurance/Monitoring Segregation of duties Rating the Control Effectiveness of Melbourne City Risk Prioritization To determine the level of risk prioritization for every climate change risk, identified, the evaluation of likelihood and consequence has been shown in Risk Matrix above. The risk prioritization outputs offer guidance on the relevance of treating the risk identified, and an entire method to treat the risk(Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, 2017). The outline shown below the management actions and acceptability for each risk. Generally, instant treatment need to be conducted on extreme and high priority risks. Whereas, moderate and low priority risks can be set aside and be treated later. Management Responses and Action to levels of Risk/ Opportunity Risk Level Acceptability Management Action if the opportunity should be followed LOW Tolerated with the Risk is tolerable. Controlled proven, routine procedures/ current controls processes and be aware of changes to the type of risks Consideration should be put in place, opportunity to be pursued VERY LOW Tolerated with the Not likely to require resources allocation current controls Risks Evaluation After the prioritization of risk, the assigned risk levels were evaluated to enhance consistency. Basically the evaluation of risks phase entails the combination of likelihood and consequence reviewing to re-assess estimates and judgements to enhance consistency throughout the analysis. The ultimate output was the rating of the prioritized risks for the identified risks. According to the results of evaluation and analysis, there was need for risk treatment to the identified risk, leading to the last step which is Risk Treatment, Risk Framework. Adaptation planning was embraced amid the risk appraisal workshop. This enhanced a conclusion to-end assessment of risks. The computerized Risk Management Template adopted by the Melbourne City encouraged this procedure(Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, 2017). Members were given directions to finish the adaptation planning, and thought starter adaptation choices were introduced in the Summary Sheets. Following the activities of adaptation measures to every risk, members re-assessed the risk need for 2030 and 2070, showing how much the alternatives treated the observed risk. While it is perceived that treatments will change after some time, adaptation planning and risk proceeds, the re-appraisal of risk at both time spans featured the potential requirement for extra measures in the more drawn out term(Young, 2016). Members in Workshop Group 2 discovered rating residual risk hard, given the intrinsic vulnerability in the adequacy of various versatile steps in treating the risk and the vulnerability in the expected level of progress. By and large, the hazard was marginally diminished or kept up, given that the activities would be executed in the short-term to control what might be a long lasting risk. Whereas residual risk valuable when considering the adequacy of activities to treat impending risk, it shows the utility of this task is decreased while reviewing the viability of prompt activities on future risks(Korsak, 2016). The certainty of viability must be expanded through observing and assessing activities to inform future versatile planning. This should remain the core interest. In the course of, the Set the Context meeting, the CCAWG viewed evaluative criteria as used in adaptation planning as shown in Table 9 and time spans for execution allocate adaptive activities as illustrated in Table 10. The criteria were allocated estimations of 1, 3 and 5 to upgrade separation amongst low and high boundaries to adaptive activity. The outcome was Clim ate Change Risk and Adaptation Register, containing the required rating of all risk and adaptation activities to treat high and outrageous priority risks. The register determined the role of execution and foreseen implementation timeframes. A meeting was conducted at the completion of the climate change risk assessment and adaptation-planning workshop to investigate the methods that could be integrated in the operational processes of the City. The selected mainstream, outcome integration ensured that the measures for adapting climate changes are formulated in the Citys current management processes(Korsak, 2016). This help in the reduction of effort duplication and ensured a coordinated methodology to climate risk management around the city. Participants were required to examine how the identified actions could be integrated into the business unit current operations and future planning frameworks. Discussion was conducted to identify departmental connections that could be useful in risk selection. The debate was based on the following question: What actions/task are required to take place in order to facilitate the execution of this risk management? What are the possible barriers in the integration process? How can those shortcomings be dealt with? The results were a preliminary approaches list for integration, which was then analysed and developed as an element of the adaptation approach. References Aalst, M. v., 2004. Mainstreaming Climate Risk Management into Development Planning, Utrecht: Utrecht University. Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, 2017. Climate Services and Safety Nets. [Online] Available at: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/flagships/climate-services-and-safety-nets [Accessed 29 8 2017]. Health and Safety Executive, 2015. Risk assessment, s.l.: s.n. Korsak, D. W., 2016. Planning for Enhanced Climate Risks: Aperspective from Military, Columbia: Columbia Law School. Office, A. G., 2005. Australias Fourth National Communication on Climate Change, Melbourne: Australian Greenhouse Office. Young, A. F., 2016. Adaptation actions for integrated climate risk management into urban planning: a new framework from urban typologies to build resilience capacity in Santos (SP). Open Access, 3(12), pp. 1-14.

After

After-School Care Essay Posner and Vandells article, Low-Income Childrens After-School Care:Are There Beneficial Effects of After-School Programs provides valuableresearch to support the need for quality after-school programs for low-incomechildren. Low-income children need after-school programs like UCLinks becausepoverty affects children directly because it limits the material resourcesavailable to them and indirectly because of the psychological distress itengenders in parents, which in turn negatively influences parentalbehavior.(1) The time a child spends after-school is also important totheir academic and social development. The quality and type of after-school carea child receives directly correlates to their performance in school and growthin academic abilities. The UCLinks program was created to offer low-incomechildren a quality, academic after-school program. In the UCLinks program, theyhave children develop their academic skills in language arts, readingcomprehension, off-computer activities, an d mathematics. The UCLinksafter-school program works on bringing the children up to grade level orfurthering their development. It does not serve as a homework center forchildren. Instead, the UCLinks program concentrates on fostering their academictalent in an organized environment. In Posner and Vandells article, theydocument research that promotes organized, academic after-school care,Childrens academic and conduct grades were positively related to timespent in one-to-one academic work, with an adult, whereas academic and conductgrades were negatively correlated with the amount of time spent in outdoorunorganized activities. (454) The children of the UCLinks program workwith a mentor in 1-1 or 1-2 setting, where mentors specifically focus onacademic areas they need to improve or help them develop their abilities to thefullest. 1B. The UCLinks program understands how important reading skills are tochildrens success in school. If children do not learn to read at grade level,they ha ve a greater risk of falling behind in class work and eventually droppingout. The UCLinks program uses a combined approach to reading instruction withwhole language and specific skills development. In each mentoring session of theUCLinks program, the mentors practice whole language instruction. Children havethe opportunity to read one on one with their mentor. Bill Honig advocates thisinteraction with the children, Teachers classroom routine should includereading good literature to students and discussing it with them, especially byasking questions that stretch childrens minds beyond the literal meaning ofthe text.(3) The active participation the children engage in while readingto their mentors is productive because the children are able to practicedecoding, automatic recognition of words, and improve their readingcomprehension. Mentors ask their students relevant questions about the book thatpertain to the plot, main points and theme of the story. The UCLinks programalso practices the specific skills development with their students. Specificskills development focuses on phonemic awareness, phonics, print awareness, wordstructure, and word-attack and self-monitoring skills. Honig recommends specificskills development, Students should be taught these skills in an active,problem-solving manner that offers plenty of opportunities to practice theskills in actual reading and writing situations.(13) Children work oncomputer software like Kid Phonics to develop these specific skills which willultimately help them read better. The children of the UCLinks program can alsospend off-computer time writing stories and poems which immerses them in printawareness and word structure. 1C. In Children, Mathematics, andComputers by D. H Clements, he writes It appears the dominant focusof school mathematics instruction in the last decade has been on computationalskills(which students are learning fairly well), but that the development ofproblem-solving skills and conceptual under standing has beeninadequate.(1) The focus on computational skills rather than theproblem-solving and conceptual understanding hinder the mathematical abilitiesof students. As math becomes more abstract, they do not have the required mindstate to solve problems with higher level concepts. The UCLinks program supportsthe teaching of relational mathematics, according to Skewer, knowing what to doand why, over rote learning with their students. The solid mental foundationrelational mathematics builds will increase the mathematical abilities of thechildren and help them problem-solve as math becomes more complex and abstract. .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c , .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .postImageUrl , .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c , .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c:hover , .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c:visited , .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c:active { border:0!important; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c:active , .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd6da30ea27383eb49aa201a11e1b06c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hotel Occupancy Rates Essay The teaching of relational mathematics in the UCLinks program can be observedwith the use of pencil and paper, manipulatives, and computers to help childrenunderstand mathematical concepts and problem-solving. These practices arefurther supported in Clements article, National Council of Teachers inMathematics recommends that students be actively involved in learning,experimenting with, exploring, and communicating about mathematics.(4) Thedevelopment of childrens mathematical abilities increases when they actuallylearn the concepts behind the math problems and how to solve them on their own. The interaction children have with pencil and

career development portfolio Essay Example Essay Example

career development portfolio Essay Example Paper career development portfolio Essay Introduction Supply Chain Management (SG2038) Case study on DLH as a third-party logistics player Abstract This study or essay attempt to examine the role DHL plays as a third party logistics player and the advantages of the business role of DHL in todays’ supply chain management. Based on the rapid growth of other logistics companies, it will also analyse the challenges DHL is facing and also the challenges the company could face in future in relation to supply chain management. Furthermore, recommendations will be given that could maintain and promote the success of DHL’s role in the third party logistics business. Introduction Company background DHL is a logistics service based industry founded in 1969 in San Francisco by three young shipping executives – Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn. Since then, it continued to grow rapidly until today where it stands to be the market leader of the international express and logistics industry. In 1969, it took its primary step in planning for its future through personal shipping of documents by airplane from port to port so they can be, examined and see to, before the ships arrive. As the year goes by DHL network expanded largely, reaching out to every of its customers around the globe. Their market share increased and became more intricate therefore in order to meet the changing needs of its customers both globally and local level, it adapted to the new market changes. career development portfolio Essay Body Paragraphs DHL international network now links more than 220 countries and territories in the world. It offers incomparable skill in express, overland transport, contract logistics solutions, air and ocean freight and international mail services. Behind its success are its employees whose main focuses is on customers’ needs and provision of individual modified solutions since its success has always been around delivering service of extreme excellence to its ustomers ( DHL 2013). Role of DHL as a third-party logistics (3PL) player As a third-party logistics player, DHL plays a significant role in providing services to its clients of outsourced logistics services for all or part of their function of supply chain management. DHL normally focus on integrated operations which can be customized to the needs of customers based on the condition of the market demand and delivery service supplies for their materials and products (Razzaque and Sheng, 2006). The role of DHL thus is to maintain balan ce in its customers supply chain anagement by rendering services such as; DHL freight transport: this is one of DHL’s most common services it involves the movement of goods from one location to the other. This may be from a particular retail store to another or perhaps from a coastal port to a warehouse. They help their customers to constantly improve on their means of transportation by getting products to the market more efficiently and faster therefore making them gain competitive advantage (Bardi and Tracey, 2006). Warehousing and distribution: As a third-party logistics, DHL offer some form of warehousing and distribution. In this sense, the clients business hires the company to store their goods in an organized facility and later distribute the goods to different locations (Ahmed and Raflq, 2003), DHL fulfilment: this can be described as a version of warehousing where they store goods in a warehouse, and then different collections of the goods are assembled in other cont ainers or box. DHL maintains employees, pickers and packers who are able to carry out orders with speed and high level of accuracy (Stefansson, 2006). Supply chain solution: DHL render a special service in helping their clients improve their operational performance and rofitability by making use of current lean and green supply chain management techniques (Lieb, 2005). Advantages of DHL’s business role in supply chain management DHL’s business role in supply chain management enables business to stay ahead of their rivals with greater flexibility, lower cost structure and strong customer satisfaction. Here are some of the advantages of DHL’s business role in supply chain management; Better focus on core activities DHL’s business role in supply chain management allows business or clients to focus on their activities that are of great importance to the company. In a period of rapid growth, operations in a company will expand and when this happens, it may con sume both human and financial resources at the expense of the main activities that made the company successful but, when these additional operations are outsourced, the company focuses on the core activities (Nwokah, 2009). Reduced cost on operations and recruitment The role of DHL in supply chain management evades the needs for companies to hire workers in-house so that operational and recruitment cost are minimized to a great extent (Hertz and Monica, 2003). Risk management In any business or investment, there are, certain level of risk involve. DHL 3pl business in supply chain management is to assume and manage these risks and they can also decide a better way of avoiding these risks since it is one of their area of expertise (Kim, 2003). Increase efficiency In the supply chain, most business that does everything by themselves, often have higher research and development, marketing and distribution expenses and these expenses are passed on to customers. However, with the cost stru cture and economic of scale of a third party logistics like DHL, can give an important competitive dvantage to your firm (Langley and Capgemmini, 2012). Innovation This is one of the greatest advantages of DHL’s business role in supply chain management in the sense that it applies its expertise in various ways that will improve, business operations by, introducing innovative business ideas and technology (Rahman, 2011). Challenges faced by DHL from the perspective of supply chain Third-party logistics like DHL experience constant challenge due to pressure from customers and new innovative ideas in supply chain. However, these challenges, brings about changes in their operations. Inventory policy changes: the consistent changes in the organizations inventory process has become a big challenge to the logistics outsourcing companies including DHL. In this way, the supply chain concepts such as just-in-time and Just-in-sequence approaches have put a challenging demand in the serv ice of DHL Express. Hence, contemporary organizations, does not work in isolation due to interdependent on each other. DHL however is currently strategizing towards changing their original methods on service delivery to ensure efficiency as well as customer satisfaction (Gibson etal, 2006). Competitors: the entrant of various companies into logistics outsourcing industry has become a great challenge to DHL’s services. Logistics report in I-JK 2009 revealed that smaller companies are using channel freight-forwarders which are positioned to enhance service delivery to the customers (Wright, Pickton, and Calliw, 2002). This association has made DHL to lose some of its customers, since the rivals, provides the same services. Also other big competitors like UPS and FEDEX are buying smaller logistics firm to expand their business and this situation may cost DHL its foremost position in the world Express Service. Transportation cost: increase in the cost of transportation (increase in the price of fuel, gas and diesel) creates a big challenge to third-party logistics providers like DHL. For instance, when there is an increase or scarcity in petroleum products, there will be a delay in delivering goods to their supposed destination. As a result of this delay, there will be a loss to the involved organization (Virum, 2003). Globalization: the new trend in globalization, have brought about a change in the concept of third-party logistics business. Users or customers of third party logistics re now demanding more from their service providers as a result of new innovative ideas in supply chain thereby, pushing third-party logistics like DHL to take a new turn (Langley, Newton and Tyndall, 1999). Recommendation For DHL to maintain its successful role as a third-party logistics player in various business industries, it needs to improve in its Just-in-time and Just-in sequence inventory strategy and acquire more channel fright-forwarders that will enhance quick delive ry of goods in other to meet and satisfy the pressing needs of its customers and when this is done, they will be able to regain their lost customers hereby allowing them to compete and retain its place in the logistics business. However, to reduce the delay in the delivering of goods due to scarcity and increase in the price of petroleum products, DHL should have a store or a bank where petroleum products can be stored in case of such occurrence to facilitate the delivery of goods and avoiding loss in the side of customers. As the world continues to develop into a more globalized economy and organizations are coming up with new ideas and becoming more demanding, DHL should also create new innovative ideas o match with the present trend in the globalized economy. Conclusion As third-party logistics companies to grow, the role of DHL in the third-party logistics business will in no doubt continue to change and as the economy continues to move into a more globalized world, the challeng es of DHL will increase thereby making its services stronger and giving them more competitive advantage in the long run of logistics business and supply chain management. Referencing Ahmed, P. and Rafiq, M. (2003) ‘Internal market issues and challenges’. European Journal of Marketing, 37 (9) pp. 1177-1186. Bard’, E. nd Tracey, M. (2006) ‘Transportation outsourcing: a survey of US practices. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 21 (3) pp. 15-21. DHL official website (2013) Available at: http://www. dhl. com/en. html, (Accessed Nov. 18, 2013). Hertz, S. and Monica, A. (2003) ‘Strategic development of third party logistics providers’. Industrial Marketing Management, 32 (2) pp. 139-149. Kim, J. (2006) ‘Logistics in Korea: current state and future directions. ‘ International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 26 (10) pp. 6-21. Lieb, R. C. (2005) ‘The 3PL ndustry : where it†™s been, where it’s going. Supply chain management review, 9 (6) pp. 20-27. Langley, J. , Newton, B. and Tyndall, G. (1999) ‘Has the future of third-party logistics’, Supply Chain Management Review, 56 (5) pp. 85-94. Langley, J. and Capgemmini (2012) 2012 16th Annual Third-Party Logistics Study. Nwokah, N. (2009) ‘Customer-focus, competitor-focus and marketing performance’. Measuring Business Excellence, 13 (3) pp. 20-28. Rahman, S. (201 1), An exploratory study of outsourcing 3PL services: an Australian perspective, An International Journal, 18 (3) pp. 342 – 358. Razzaque, M. and Sheng, C. 006) ‘Outsourcing of logistics function: a literature survey. ‘ International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 28 (2), pp. 89-107. Stefansson, G. (2006) ‘Collaborative logistics management and the role of third-party service providers’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 36 (19) pp. 76-92. Virum, H. (2003) ‘Third party logistics development in Europe’, Logistics and transportation review, 29 (4). Wright, S. , Pickton, D. and Calliw,J. (2002) ‘Competitive intelligence in UK firms; a Typology. Marketing intelligence Planning, 20 (6) pp. 349-360. 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Essay on Education Indigenous PaperEssay Writing Service

Essay on Education Indigenous PaperEssay Writing Service Essay on Education Indigenous Paper Essay on Education Indigenous PaperThe position of indigenous people in Australia was historically inferior compared to European colonists and their descendants, who have comprised the mainstream part of Australian nation, because they have got the dominant position in Australian society. White Australians ripped off all the profits of the fast economic progress of Australia by getting access to education, better job opportunities, health care services, and other benefits brought by economic and technological progress of Australia, whereas indigenous Australians remained inferior to them and could not stand on the equal ground compared to the whites. Today, they are still in the worse position compared to the whites because they have the limited access to education, while the equal access to education could have provided indigenous Australians with better job and socioeconomic opportunities.Invasion and colonial frontier  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   European colonists arriving to Australia had a priori biased and prejudiced attitude toward the indigenous population of Australia because of their experience of contacts with other civilizations of ‘savages’, whom they treated as being absolutely inferior to themselves. Violent confrontations were a feature of the ‘frontier’ as it moved across the continent. In Tasmania, the ‘Black War’ continued for over a decade and martial law was declared from 1828-1832 (Ryan, 2012). However, the biased attitude toward indigenous Australians persisted for decades and centuries. Colonists disregarded rights of the indigenous population and established the social order that matched their interests. In such a situation, they developed their own system of education, where there was no room for indigenous Australians.Protection and segregation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   White Asutralians, who held the dominant position in society viewed the indigenous population as a ‘dying race’. Such racial Darwinism laid the foundation to the policy of the state intervention into policies determining the life of the indigenous people that led to their segregation. In such a situation, even the protection of the indigenous people led to their further segregation because they were protected within their communities but they still remained unprotected in face of social biases and stereotypes.From the turn of the century governments around Australia adopted the policy of protection which enshrined contradictory but intersecting sets of philanthropic, ameliorative, punitive and even genocidal rationales, and which resulted in a convenient double speak of stated humanitarian concern and agendas of segregation, assimilation, genocide and profound neglect. This mix seemed to enable everyone, from city humanitarian to brutal frontiersman, to feel comfortable with their stance and convinced that right was being done (Haebich 143). Moreover, they were absolutely unable to compete with white Australians in the labor market because they had neither education, nor skills, nor abilities, nor resources to challenge the position of the whites. Instead, they could count on low- or semi-qualified jobs that determined their low socioeconomic standing in Australia.Assimilation and the Stolen Generations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Stolen Generations became indigenous people taken from their families in terms of government and missionary programs, which resulted in their forced removal from their families. The noble goal of their ‘civilization’ resulted in their loss as a generation of indigenous people, living within their society and communities. At the same time, stealing indigenous children was an integral part of the life of society since the time of colonization. Some colonists wanted to see whether Indigenous people could be ‘civilized’ and in the process the gained children who also wor ked for them as domestic servants. Explorers valued the knowledge of country that even very small Indigenous children possessed (Reynolds, 1990, p. 165).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Stolen Generations history was an attempt to ‘civilize’ the indigenous population but, as the matter of fact, this attempt has brought little positive effects because the Stolen Generations were rather forcefully assimilated in the white mainstream culture and society by losing their indigenous identity pointblank. On the other hand, this policy did not create better educational or employment opportunities for indigenous people of Australia. Instead, those, who were left aside, remained disintegrated and still had limited access to education and, therefore, had a few opportunities to succeed in the mainstream society. In such a way, the education system remained enclosed and indigenous Australians did not have an opportunity to have the equal access to education.Education System of Australia and Indigenous People  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical discrimination of indigenous people in terms of their access to education resulted in the disadvantaged position of indigenous Australians and their limited access to education. For example, at the moment, only one-quarter (25%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 years and over reported Year 12 or equivalent as the highest year of school completed, compared with about half (52%) of non-Indigenous people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012). In such a way, education remains to be a privilege for the whites, whereas indigenous Australians do not have access to education. In this regard, there are objective reasons, such as the location of indigenous communities in remote areas, and subjective reasons, such as biased and prejudiced attitude toward indigenous population. The recent efforts of Australian government aimed at the elimination of inequality in the acc ess to education for all Australians, but the gap between white and indigenous Australians persists.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the discrimination of indigenous population of Australia was the historical trend that determined the currently disadvantageous position of indigenous Australians in different fields, such as education. The discrimination since the time of colonization, the segregation and persisting inequality resulted in the inferior position of indigenous Australians compared to the whites. In this regard, education is the field, where barriers between white and indigenous Australians are still wide and the government should enhance its efforts to close the gaps.

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Term Paper

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility - Term Paper Example They can include the patients, surrounding community and government. However, this paper only focuses on three stakeholders: the employees, shareholders and the patients. As a hospital director, Dr. DoRight owes the stakeholders duty of loyalty in all aspects of the hospital performance. This duty requires that Dr. DoRight should act in the best interest of the shareholders and the hospital as an entity. The duty of loyalty also restricts Dr. DoRight to make him stay away from his personal interests and self dealing which can be at the expenses of the stakeholders. Dr. DoRight also owes the stakeholders duty of loyalty that dictates him not to enter into some acts that may help him receive personal benefits improperly and end up causing harm to the stakeholders and the hospital at large. To the patients, Dr. DoRight owes a duty of loyalty that requires him to act in good faith and care which any other prudent and ordinary person in the same position would accord in a similar situatio n in order to safeguard both the interest of the patients and the hospital (Martin, 2001). The duty of loyalty is also owed to the employees, especially in making decisions. Dr. DoRight is required to have his decisions made in good faith, being well informed and with honesty when dealing with the employees in order to safeguard their interests, as well as those of the hospital through the judgment rule of the business. In order to have this protection invoked, Dr. DoRight owes them the duty of information on all the reasonable material information available. The rule of business judgment may not protect Dr. DoRight when he has financial interests at a personal level in the transactions, fails to have information on the situations, is not independent, or fails to carryout the duty of loyalty and care. Dr. DoRight must make sure that he follows the standard of fairness to the hospital and all the stakeholders (Pickstock, 2007). Dr. DoRight as a director of the hospital has the duty t o facilitate the maximization of the shareholders’ wealth and enhance the interests of the shareholders. In summary, Dr. DoRight must ensure that maintains the rights of the shareholders and treats them equally, honor the interest of all other stakeholders like the patients, observes integrity and ethics in his duties, and remains transparent with all his actions. Question two Stakeholders have different interests in hospital. For instance, the shareholders who invested on the hospital are interested in the survival and profitability of the firm. They are classically concerned with the allocation of investment earnings and their residual earnings that is paid to the as dividends; the company management, including Dr. DoRight, is interested in the efficiency of the hospital in generating the profits. The general performance of the hospital is regarded as the effectiveness of management and can be observed by particular financial rations; the customers such as the patients are interested in the ability of the hospital to continue providing the health services to them; employees may be interested in high wages in order to keep their work running; suppliers on the other side want to see their products bought and paid for by the hospital and the lenders are interested in the liquidity position of the hospital to check if they will be paid in time; and the community in general is concerned with environmental

Apple Hamdi 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Diasability challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Female Form in the Art Deco Movement: Tamara de Lempicka

Female Form in the Art Deco Movement: Tamara de Lempicka Design for Passion: The female form in Art Deco The Art Deco style was the genre during the 1920s and 1930s affecting the decorative arts, fine arts and fashion (Lucie-Smith, 1996). Throughout this period it was moment for womens clothing fashions. The portraits of Polish-born Tamara de Lempicka elaborated on the trend as a painter of people mainly in the smart social circles in which she moved. She was penniless when she fled to Paris with her husband and daughter. It was then she resolved her talents of artistry would establish a successful career in Paris. To represent her painting style she elaborated on distinctive streamlined elegance with a sense of chic decadence, often compared to the cubism of Leger (sometime called Soft Cubism). She was better than anyone else at representing the Art Deco style in painting. Her works exhibited the true meaning of the Art Deco style and affiliated the passion for design that women had in their lifes turning point (de Lempicka, 1998). It can be said that she is probably the most famous painter of the art deco period. The painting style created by de Lempicka was as glamorous as her subject matter. Her instructor Andre Lhote did not realize the subtle syntheses of inspiration she portrayed. The use of a plastic metaphor which Tamara used time and again in her artistic output can be characterized by the haughty expression typical of a certain caste, or in her nudes which are allegories of lasciviousness. She used a trademark combination of soft, rounded forms set against architectural lines and shapes that reflected a new sophisticated urbanity to those she painted in highly mannered portraits. Her other main subjects included erotic nudes and still life of calla lilies. Her bold technique and palette rapidly won her acclaim as the quintessential Art Deco artist (Blondell, 2004). Art Deco design was above all modern that exemplified the boundless potential of a newly industrialized world. The characterizations of Art Deco include the use of materials such as sharkskin, zebra skin, zigzag and stepped forms, bold and sweeping curves, chevron patterns, and sunburst motif. The sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a ladys shoe. It was a mainstream in consumerism that was stressed in the great fashion magazines as Vogue and Harpers Bazaar to advertise the emergence of the New Woman in American society. It was argued that Art Deco functioned as a trademark for popular notions of femininity during a time when women were said to be the consumers of the average household. A genre of the time it appealed to women and was used as a selling point for cosmetics, clothing, home furnishings, jewelry, and art objects. The image that femininity would dominate the American imagination for the future inspired consumerism (Fischer, 2003). The corset was definitively eliminated making the flat and square dresses of the 1920s an ideal canvas to display motifs of the Art Deco period. Skirts were shortened and the female figure became formless and androgynous (sexless) the waistline dropped to the hips or simply ceased to exist. In the 1930s the waistline moved to its natural position. Nylon, satin, silk and crepe the most prevalent of materials used to make fine figure defining dresses. Fabric was cut diagonally to take advantage of its elasticity to show formation of what it covered. Skirts were made longer while the legs were allowed to be seen via long slits in the dresses and the shoulders were broadened by padded shoulder inserts (Lussier, 2003). In Portrait of a Young Girl in a Green Dress, Tamara explicitly demonstrates her visual of the fashion of the times, sleek and seductive (Lucie-Smith). Girl in Green with Gloves, probably her most famous painting epitomizes her style showing the fabric and hair combined into sharp lines and flowing curves with the entire form strongly dimensional yet remaining abstract and modern. The Art Deco of the 20s, with its geometric motifs and bright, bold colors superlative represents the best and purest forms of the decorative art period. Reaching its bold point between 1925 through 1935, the classical, symmetrical, rectilinear style of Art Deco, drew inspiration from other art movements such as Cubism, Futurism, and influence of the Bauhaus and became the dominant art form of Paris between 1920 through 1930. Tamara deLempicka was the artist who pursued the Arts Decoratifs style, derived from the Worlds fair held in 1925, formerly titled the Exposition Internationales des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes that showcased French luxury goods (Wikipedia, 2003). A 1925auto portrait, Tamara in the Green Bugatti was an oil painting on wood. Tamara was dressed in a bright yellow with black hat, matching the color of the vehicle. The painting came about when a magazine editor was overwhelmed by the drivers style. The driver, later was learned, to be de Lempicka herself. The editor had left a calling card on the windshield asking the yellow clad woman to contact her. Die Dame, Germanys leading fashion magazine, then commissioned a self portrait in the car for the magazines cover. The result was one of de Lemplickas best known works wherein she mixes cold, hard textures with luxurious, decadent sensual imagery. A point of interest on the matter was that Tamara NEVER owned a green Bugatti. The auto portrait was an icon of the era. The painting is said to represent the newly discovered freedom of women of the day (Paloma). Sexy, modern and unabashedly consumer-oriented was the new Art Deco style. Motifs were borrowed from Japan, Africa, ancient Egtyptian and Mayan cultures to create novel visual effects (Benton, 2003). French pochoir prints from the glorious Art Deco era presented womans fashion designs in their most original era. The clothing was revolutionary from designers such as Charles Worth, Jean Patou, Paul Poiret, Lucien Lelong and Joseph Paquin (Schiffer, 1998). Erte was an artist who received his fame by his drawings in Harpers Bazaars magazine for 22 yrs. His covers for the magazine shaped the entire modern tradition of fashion drawing. Erte (name derived from his initials R. T. Romaine de Tirtoff) also designed sets for plays and musicals most noted are the costumes and stage sets for the Folies-Bergere in Paris (Blum, 1976). He was perhaps the most appealing of artists at the time, called attention to the sleekness of style giving emphasis to lineal definition and bold color. (Fischer). The jewelry from the era exploded with color, drama of form and juxtaposition of texture and contour. Designs included buckles, clips, belts, mirrors, pendants, cigarette cases, rings, chains, necklaces, watchbands, brooches, studs and charms (Raulet, 2002). The aesthetic of Art Deco was most radical in the late 1920s at which female stars as Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford and Myrna Loy donned lavish Art Deco fashions. De Lempicka herself received acclaim for her aloof Garboesque beauty, her parties, and her love affairs. Her beauty and opinionated nature also increased her celebrity (de Lempicka). The style declined as a growing conservatism challenged the feminist advances of an earlier generation. The Art Deco woman was once an object of desire but she then regressed toward demeaning caricatures and pantomimes of unbridled sexuality (Fischer). To artists she (de Lempicka) appeared to be an upper-class dilettante, and to the nervous haute bourgeoisie she seemed arrogant and depraved, comments Laura Claridge. Her beauty and opinionated nature increased her celebrity as photographs of the period show a sleek woman whose lethargic-eyed mystique challenged that of Greta Garbo. De Lempicka was a very physical person. She often slept with the people she painted, or those who sat for her. They were both male and female. Her first lesbian affair was said to be with Ira Perrot who modeled for her and took her to Italy where she discovered paintings of Botticelli and Messina. It was the period of time in which she began to attend lesbian parties. Her creativeness went as far as the tastefully arrangement of food on the body of a nude woman. Thereafter, she would then slowly she eat her midnight meal (de Lempicka). The artist pursued older men as social companions, but slept with younger and more handsome men. She was often seen caressing a working-class boy one night and a woman the next. Her adventures inspired her artwork. An overview to her painting of Adam and Eve, her daughter Kizette states, The model walked across the room and picked up an apple from the bowl to satiate her hunger. Tamara then says: Stop! I have an inspiration. I have before me the vision of Adam and Eve. She then went out into the street and nearby saw a policeman on his beat. He was young and handsome. Monsieur, I am an artist and I need a model for my painting. She brought him into the studio and said you are Adam, here is your Eve completing her motivation. Among the unique aspects of her style is the overt lesbianism that informs it, especially in her female nudes, i.e. Two Friends, Spring, and The Girls. The implication of sexuality between the females is subtle yet obvious. Tamara Gorska de Lempicka was married first to Tadeusz Lempicki a Russion lawyer and socialite and then to Baron Raoul Huffner with whom she moved to America. Being a bisexual woman, de Lempickas works reflects a glorification of the female form and vignettes of female life. Seated Nude (1923) exploits her depiction of women in which she sets the tone of a powerful, curvy, and slab-faced image. Depicted during the Jazz Age de Lempickas art expel a riot of color combined with the sharpness of Cubism making them seem to explode from their frames and grab our attention (Charlish, 2004). The sexy, bedroom-eyed women in stylish dresses are rendered in haunting poses that seem to mirror her life through her art. The Orange Turban of which Tamara produced eight versions in her lifetime, shows the influence of the Dutch and Flemish masters that she absorbed while studying at the Louvre. Independent publisher Mani de Li of Modern Art A Skeptical View, opinions that Tamara succeeds in portraits that have an aim similar to Picassos failures with hers being more original, complete, better drawn, colored and composed. The paintings never contain those scratchy areas of flat schmiery ugliness and unfinish so common in even the best of Picassos, he contends. From the pages of womens magazines to the salons and counters of department stores to the set of design of Hollywood films, the Art Deco style was used to market modernity and elegance (Fischer). Tamara sold her portrait art to the rich aristocracy of Paris that fetched huge prices. She refused to comment on the fascism around her. It was between the wars, that she painted portraits of writers, entertainers, artists, scientists, industrialists, and many of Eastern Europes exiled nobility (Lucie-Smith). She had a choice to do carnival or festive art, and chose the festive (Boje, 2001). Peter Plagens, an art critic from Newsweek, referred to Tamara as practically forgotten with her production of almost soft porn. And he further stated that Tamara was the end product, not the producer of art that influences other artists (Claridge, 1999). After a threat of a Second World War, Tamara left Paris to go to Hollywood. There she became the Favorite Artist of the Hollywood Stars. The 1950s and 1960s phased out Deco Art until in a 1966 exhibition in Paris it resumed its interest. She had changed her style to abstract art in the 1960s. Her works were created then with a spatula with her output seemingly out of fashion. De Lempickas earlier works began to rise in the 1970s and by the 1990s she once again became a stylish icon. Feminisms emphasis on unearthing sidelined women had played a part in her revitalization as well. The liberation of gay women has made her the prophetic, in -house painter of lipstick lesbianism (Charlish). Today de Lempickas work still is connected to Hollywood with singer/actress Madonna and actor Jack Nicholson being the most avid contemporary collectors of her paintings. Her paintings were rediscovered by the world (Neret, Gilles, 1992). Tamara de Lempicka achieved her notoriety and fame several times during her lifetime and remains popular today for her highly sexualized art deco portraits. The qualities of decadence and hedonism that caused critics of the 1960s and 1970s to dismiss her work are those traits that now show new appreciation, comments Elizabeth Ashburn, Professor and Head of the School of Art in the College of Fine Arts at the University of South Wales, Austrailia. Tamara de Lempicka chose her teachers well. She learned the use of simple lines and a smooth finish from Maurice Denis, from who she had her first painting lesson at the Academe Ranson. She learned the neoclassical modification of cubism from Lhote in Paris. She learned the clear, glowing colors and imperious yet powerful interpretation of the female form and execution of the society portrait from Ingres (Charlish). When combined, the three distinct traits of her tutors were expelled though her own unique style in which she was able to bring across the passion of design. De Lempicka is the true demonstrator of the female form in Art Deco painting. The icon of Art Deco ceased her works after the death of her husband in 1962. She moved to Mexico and died in her sleep in 1980 only to leave behind her ashes strewn over the crater of Mt. Popocateptl along with her now valued works of art depicting one of the most fascinating periods of art history in which she displayed the liberty of the woman of her time. BIBLIOGRAPHY Benton, Tim, Benton, Charlotte Wood Ghislaine. 2003 Art Deco: 1910-1939. Bulfinch; 1st North edition. Sept. 17. ISBN:082122834X. Blondell, Alain Brugger, Ingirid. (2004) Tamara de Lempicka. Royal Academy Books. 168 pgs. ISBN: 1903973422. Blum, Stella. 1976 Designs by Erte. New York: Dover. Boje, D. M. 2001 Athletic Apparel Industry is Tamara-land. Tamara: Journal of Critical PostmodernOrganization Science. Vol. 1 (2), pp. 6-19. Charlish, Nicky.2004 Art Deco Icon: Tamara Lempicka. Culture Wars.RoyalAcademy, London. Claridge, Laura.1999 Tamara de Lempicka: A Life of Deco and Decadence. ClarksonPotter Publishers. 436 pgs., September 21. De Lempicka,Baroness Kizette and Philip, Charles. (1998) Passion by Design: The Artand Times of Tamara de Lempicka, Abberville Press. 192 pgs. ISBN:0789205033. Fischer, Lucy.2003 Designing Women: Art Deco, and the Female Form (Film and Culture). Columbia University Press. 352 pgs. ISBN: 0231125011. Lucie-Smith,Edward. 1996 Art Deco Painting, Phaidon Press, 160 pages, ISBN071482545X. Lussier, Suzanne.2003. All Tied-Up: The Corset in Contemporary Fashion. The Victoria and Albert Museum. Neret, Gilles. 1992.Tamara de Lempica Benedict. Taschen Verlag GrnbH. Kolan. Paloma Gallery. http://www.paloma.ca/gallery.html. Raulet, Sylvie.2002 Art Deco Jewelry. Thames Hudson. Schiffer. 1998. FrenchArt Deco Fashions: In Pochoir Prints from the 1920s. Schiffer Publishing .Feb. 1. 160 pages. ISBN: 0764304747. Wikipedia. 2003.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.

Movie Review: Fight Club Essay -- essays research papers

I Am Jack’s Paper The movie Fight Club shakes the foundations of our democratic nation, spits on our capitalist society, and makes all who watch it look at the American way of life differently. In a country driven by consumption, one can imagine the movie Fight Club rubs certain people the wrong way. When Edward Norton was asked why he decided to take the role as the main character in Fight Club, he replied, â€Å"to piss off America.† Each American since childhood has been told repeatedly that democracy equals freedom, but is this true? The only difference between capitalism and socialism is that corporations own everything in a capitalist society. In America â€Å"the things you own end up owning you.† Corporate America gives Americans a television in every home, a car in every driveway, and a Wal-Mart in every town. They call this freedom and freedom shall rain. This new breed of social democracy, an evolution of democracy where private enterprise controls Big Brother, is spreading through the world, infesting and exploiting every country and every government, from the sweatshops of Central America to the oilfields of Iraq; corporate America is slowly choking the world, one McDonalds at a time. Consumerism is the drive shaft of our generation, the fuel that pushes kids through college, and hope that one day we can have all the things seen in magazines and on TV. The dream of owning a house in the suburbs with a white picket fence and a SUV parked in the driveway. â€Å"Advertising h...

Human: Atmosphere and Earth

Human have been damaging on the Earth for thousands of years. In fact, human activity has big influence on the Earth. Some people believe that the Earth is being damaged by human activity. In my opinion, I really believe that the human is damaging the Earth. There are three main ways to damages the Earth from human activity are deforestation , poisonous gases , and it makes pollute the environment. First, a human activity that damages the Earth is deforestation. Deforestation destroys a huge area of forest every year.The world forests could completely disappear in a hundred years by human activities. Furthermore , deforestation also cause the loss of plants and animals then lead some of them to extinction. This activity have made many negative effects to the environment and our the Earth.. Second, People living has produced a huge of poisonous gases. These gases are released by cars, factories , industrial , and etc. They cloud destroy ozone layer ,which could create a phenomenon cal led â€Å"the green house effect†.The green house effect cause the temperature of the Earth increases . As a result, the ice in the North and South thaw and cause the water level becomes higher. This is one of the worst effects of human activities that damage the Earth. Third, human activities have polluted the environment very much on the Earth. People have built many factories to develop modern industry. These factories have released many toxic materials into the rivers, the soil, and the sea. The industry have killed many of plants, animals, and fishes.This activities have damaged the Earth too much. In conclusion, the human activities have made many negative effects on the Earth. There are three ways that I show to damages the Earth by human activities ; deforestation could decrease many types of plants and animals , poisonous gases could destroy ozone layer and could create the green house effect , and human activities have polluted the environment by industries . People could make the Earth become a better place to live in the future by themselves. Human: Atmosphere and Earth Human have been damaging on the Earth for thousands of years. In fact, human activity has big influence on the Earth. Some people believe that the Earth is being damaged by human activity. In my opinion, I really believe that the human is damaging the Earth. There are three main ways to damages the Earth from human activity are deforestation , poisonous gases , and it makes pollute the environment. First, a human activity that damages the Earth is deforestation. Deforestation destroys a huge area of forest every year.The world forests could completely disappear in a hundred years by human activities. Furthermore , deforestation also cause the loss of plants and animals then lead some of them to extinction. This activity have made many negative effects to the environment and our the Earth.. Second, People living has produced a huge of poisonous gases. These gases are released by cars, factories , industrial , and etc. They cloud destroy ozone layer ,which could create a phenomenon cal led â€Å"the green house effect†.The green house effect cause the temperature of the Earth increases . As a result, the ice in the North and South thaw and cause the water level becomes higher. This is one of the worst effects of human activities that damage the Earth. Third, human activities have polluted the environment very much on the Earth. People have built many factories to develop modern industry. These factories have released many toxic materials into the rivers, the soil, and the sea. The industry have killed many of plants, animals, and fishes.This activities have damaged the Earth too much. In conclusion, the human activities have made many negative effects on the Earth. There are three ways that I show to damages the Earth by human activities ; deforestation could decrease many types of plants and animals , poisonous gases could destroy ozone layer and could create the green house effect , and human activities have polluted the environment by industries . People could make the Earth become a better place to live in the future by themselves.

The Influence of the Medici Essays

The Influence of the Medici Essays The Influence of the Medici Essay The Influence of the Medici Essay In this paper I will argue that the Medici family had an influence on the art produced during the Renaissance Era. The Medici family managed to become the chief patrons of the era, going from merchant class to bankers and eventually politicians. Many of Florence’s most recognizable buildings and features exist due to the influence of the Medici. Between 1300 and 1600 the Western world was transformed. An extraordinary wave of artistic and cultural innovation shattered medieval society and brought European culture reluctantly into the modern era. This was the Renaissance. Artists discovered how to paint in the third dimension, bringing new life and realism to their subjects. Breaking away from the religious traditions of the medieval world, they created entirely new genres of art, rich emotion. Radical new techniques were invented, such as painting with oils, and perspective. Artists such as, Brunelleschi, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Donatello transformed the way we saw our world. The House of Medici or de Medici was a political dynasty, banking family and later royal house. It first began to gain prominence under the man Cosimo de Medici in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th century. Gradually the family made money through illegal loaning, they were able to found the Medici Bank and rise in social ranking. The bank was the largest, most prosperous and respected institution in Europe during the 15th century. The Medici also gained political power in Florence; though officially they remained simply citizens. The Medici produced four Popes of the Catholic Church and in 1531 the family became hereditary Dukes of Florence[1]. From this, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider in Italy. Since they were able to bring Florence under their familys power, this allowed for an environment where art and humanism could flourish. Also, by establishing several major institutions for artistic production and instruction they fostered the birth of the Italian Renaissance. The ways in which the Medici had an effect on culture was through sponsorship of art and architecture. The Medici was responsible for the majority of Florentine art during their reign. Their money was significant because during this period, artists generally only crafts their works when they received commissions in advance, and simply the fact that they could buy whomever’s art they wanted. Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family, commissioned Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence in 1419. The Basilica of San Lorenzo is one of the largest and oldest churches of Italy[2]. It is placed in the city’s main market district, and the burial place to members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III. For three hundred years it was the citys cathedral. One can only imagine how people were influenced by the style of architecture and art displayed by the Basilica. This form of architectural propaganda was used for promotion of themselves, their status, and of their religion. The most significant addition to the list over the years was Michaelangelo. He produced work for a number of Medici, beginning with Lorenzo the Magnificent. Lorenzo was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo, inviting him to study the family collection of antique sculpture[3]. Lorenzo served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci for seven years. His support of the arts is seen as a high point in Medici patronage. Celebrated during his lifetime for his extraordinary talent as a sculptor, painter, architect, and poet, Michelangelo inspired subsequent Florentine artists and attracted the citys most powerful patrons. The Medici grand dukes patronage allowed art in all ways to flourish. In addition to commissioning portraits and decorative objects for their private enjoyment and public display, the Medici family ordered the reconstruction and renovation of numerous civic buildings and private residences. In 1505 Michelangelo was invited to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II, commissioning him to build the Popes tomb. Under the patronage of the Pope, Michelangelo had to constantly stop work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks. Because of these interruptions, Michelangelo worked on the tomb for 40 years. During that same period, Michelangelo took the commission to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which took him approximately four years to complete[4]. In 1513 Pope Julius II died. His successor Pope Leo X, also a Medici, commissioned Michelangelo to reconstruct the facade of the basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence. He was to adorn it with sculptures Michelangelo and the Medici grand dukes, an intellectual curiosity and an awareness of the power of images, shaped the artistic, political, and cultural identity of Renaissance Florence. [5] Michelangelo designed the Medici Chapel was told to use his own discretion to create. The Medici Chapel has monuments inside dedicated to certain members of the Medici family. Michelangelo never finished the project, so his pupils later completed it. Lorenzo the Magnificent was buried at the entrance wall of the Medici Chapel. It is not known how Donatello and Cosimo de Medici became friends1. Having a keen eye, Donatello was consulted on the quality of the antiques and texts rescued by Cosimo and his friends. In 1419, Cosimo nominated Donatello to sculpt a tomb for the dead pirate pope, Baldassare Cossa, which would be placed inside the Baptistry. Cosimo and his father provided the funding and Donatello cast a bronze likeness of the pope. With Cosimos help, Donatello built a reputation for realism. In 1434, following his triumph over the enemies of the Medici, Cosimo requested a special commission from his friend. Donatellos bronze â€Å"David† broke all the rules. A playful, sensuous, and androgynous hero, David, was the first life size nude to be cast in bronze since Classical times. To create such a homoerotic hero could have been dangerous for Donatello without the support of the Medici. Cosimo placed the statue in the center of the courtyard of the Medici Palace where it was visible to all. [6] Later, in Rome, the Medici Popes continued in the family tradition of patronizing artists. Pope Leo X commissioned works from Raphael. Born Raffaele Sanzio in 1483, Raphael came to prominence at the court of Pope Julius II, whose portrait he painted in 1512. As a boy, Raphael spent his days studying the works of the great masters like Leonardo and Michelangelo. Raphael was given commission to decorate the most private chambers in the Vatican, the rooms of the Pope. The biggest opportunity of Raphaels life brought him into direct interaction with one of his childhood idols. Down the hall, Michelangelo was engaged in one of the greatest solo projects of the Renaissance, the painting of the Sistine chapel. When Giovanni de Medici was elected Pope Leo X, he found Raphael easier to work with than the demanding Michelangelo. Raphael painted a portrait of the new Pope with his cousin, Giulio de Medici, and designed several magnificent buildings under their patronage. One of the most famous artists in the world, Leonardo de Vinci, was taken care of by Lorenzo de Medici. Leonardo was more than just an artist. It is argued that no man has ever studied more subjects or generated more ideas, than Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo, like thousands of talented boys, was drawn to Florence. He was soon employed by Verrochio, whose busy workshop served many powerful families, predominantly the Medici. Even as an apprentice, Leonardos talent was hard to ignore. His contribution to the â€Å"Baptism of Christ† was so vivid, it was said that Verrochio threatened to give up painting. Lorenzo de’ Medici saw the talent in the young boy and immediately took him under his wing. Leonardo was experimenting with oils, a radical technique previously known only in the Northern Europe. Traditionally, Italian artists had painted with tempera (pigment mixed with egg), which dried quickly, often cracked, and was considerably messy. By mixing a pigment with oil, Leonardo discovered a more versatile color, which could be built up in layers to add depth, tone, or even to cover mistakes. It was the start of an artistic revolution. Leonardo soon had come to outgrow Florence. He approached Lorenzo de Medici for help. Lorenzo referred him to his friend, the Duke of Milan, whose needs were more practical than artistic. This suited Leonardo perfectly, as he had surpassed the need for just a studio and was desperate to build his inventions[7]. Once in Milan, he couldnt resist a commission that became the most famous fresco in history, â€Å"The Last Supper. †[8] Without the aid of the Medici, Leonardo da Vinci may not have been pushed into a cerain direction as an artist or inventor. The political, social and religious actions made by the Medici have affected art history. The Medici family usage of allocating their money into art has especially affected the art produced in the Renaissance Era. By commissioning whatever artist they found to be the best at the time, they funded some of the most influential and beautiful artistic creations ever made.